English PSSSB Practice 39

Jainism is one of the oldest religions of the world, originating in ancient India over 2,500 years ago. It is a religion of peace, non-violence, truth, and self-discipline, founded on the teachings of Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara (spiritual teacher) of Jain tradition. Jainism teaches a path to spiritual liberation (Moksha) through strict ethical conduct, meditation, and self-restraint. According to Jain philosophy, the soul (Jiva) is eternal and bound by karma, which can be purified through disciplined living. The core principles of Jainism are the Five Great Vows (Mahavratas): Ahimsa (non-violence), Satya (truthfulness), Asteya (non-stealing), Brahmacharya (celibacy or control of desires), and Aparigraha (non-possessiveness). These principles guide followers to live a life of compassion toward all living beings and detachment from worldly possessions. Jainism emphasizes strict non-violence, even toward microorganisms, which is why many Jains follow a vegetarian diet and avoid harming life in any form. Jain literature, written in Prakrit and Sanskrit, includes the Agamas, which contain Mahavira's teachings, and later commentaries and philosophical works. Jainism has two major sects - Digambara and Svetambara - differing in practices, rituals, and interpretations of scriptures. The religion also upholds the concept of Anekantavada (non-absolutism), which teaches that truth is multifaceted and should be understood from multiple perspectives. Jain temples, known for their intricate architecture and artistic beauty, are centers of worship and learning. Festivals such as Paryushana and Mahavir Jayanti are important in Jainism, promoting reflection, forgiveness, and spiritual renewal. Jainism's emphasis on non-violence, truth, and respect for all life forms has influenced Indian culture, ethics, and philosophy profoundly. Even today, Jainism continues to inspire millions, not only in India but around the world, as a path of peace, ethical living, and spiritual enlightenment.